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Goal: Construct a four-stage explanation linking a gene, protein production, protein function and a cell outcome.

Before this: Know that cells contain DNA and proteins.

Try together: Together revise “DNA becomes a nutrient.” Name the different roles of information, a protein product and transported matter.

Goal: Produce a hierarchical model and explain two interactions needed for oxygen delivery.

Before this: Recognize cells, tissues and organs.

Try together: Together locate an interaction between two systems and explain why a well-functioning heart alone cannot replace a lung exchange surface.

Goal: Use a labeled model to track carbon atoms and distinguish light energy from matter inputs.

Before this: Count atoms in simple formulas.

Try together: Together identify the error in a diagram drawing light dots turning into carbon dots. Replace it with an energy-transformation arrow.

Goal: Use a net model to distinguish matter rearrangement, usable energy transfer and thermal transfer.

Before this: Recognize photosynthesis inputs and outputs.

Try together: Together correct “Plants photosynthesize, so they never respire.” Refer to the text and distinguish the two processes.

Goal: Calculate two transfer fractions and account for energy not stored as new biomass at the next level.

Before this: Use percentages and define a system boundary.

Try together: Together identify the 17,600 kJ difference between producer and primary-consumer production and explain why it cannot all be labeled “heat” without more evidence.

Goal: Construct a natural-selection explanation using four required factors and distinguish population change from individual intention.

Before this: Know inheritance and calculate a proportion.

Try together: Together revise “The beetles became dark because they wanted to survive” using variation already present before predation.